Understanding the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical. It was formulated by Robert J. Sternberg, a well-known psychologist whose research often focuses on human intelligence and creativity. The triarchic theory is comprised of three subtheories, each of which relates to a specific kind of intelligence: the contextual subtheory, which corresponds to practical intelligence, or the ability to successfully function in one’s environment; the experiential subtheory, which corresponds to creative intelligence, or the ability to deal with novel situations or issues; and the componential subtheory, which corresponds to analytical intelligence, or the ability to solve problems. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Key Takeaways The triarchic theory of intelligence originated as an alternative to the concept of general intelligence factor, or g.  The theory, proposed by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg, contends that there are three types of intelligence: practical (the ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability go come up with new ideas), and analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).The theory is comprised of three subtheories: contextual, experiential, and componential. Each subtheory corresponds to one of the three proposed types of intelligence. Origins Sternberg  proposed his theory in 1985 as an alternative to the idea of the general intelligence factor. The general intelligence factor,  also known as  g, is what intelligence tests typically measure. It  refers only to â€Å"academic intelligence.† Sternberg argued that practical intelligence—a person’s ability to react and adapt to the world around them—as well as creativity are equally important when measuring an individuals overall intelligence.  He also argued that  intelligence isn’t fixed, but rather  comprises a set of abilities that can be developed.  Sternbergs assertions led to the creation of his theory.   Subtheories Sternberg broke his theory down into  the following  three subtheories: Contextual subtheory: The contextual subtheory says that intelligence is intertwined with the individual’s environment. Thus, intelligence is based on the way one functions in their everyday circumstances, including one’s ability to a) adapt to one’s environment, b) select the best environment for oneself, or c) shape the environment to better fit one’s needs and desires.Experiential subtheory: The experiential subtheory proposes that there is a continuum of experience from novel to automation to which intelligence can be applied. It’s at the extremes of this continuum that intelligence is best demonstrated. At the novel end of the spectrum, an individual is confronted with an unfamiliar task or situation and must come up with a way to deal with it. At the automation end of the spectrum, one has become familiar with a given task or situation and can now handle it with minimal thought.  Ã‚  Componential subtheory: The componential theory outlines t he various mechanisms that result in intelligence. According to Sternberg, this subtheory is comprised of three kinds of mental processes or components:Metacomponents enable us to monitor, control, and evaluate our mental processing, so that we can make decisions, solve problems, and create plans.Performance components are what enable us to take action on the plans and decisions arrived at by the metacomponents.Knowledge-acquisition components enable us to learn new information that will help us carry out our plans. Kinds of Intelligence Each subtheory reflects a particular kind of intelligence or ability: Practical intelligence:  Sternberg called one’s ability to successfully interact with the everyday world  practical intelligence. Practical intelligence is related to the contextual subtheory. Practically intelligent people are especially adept at behaving in successful ways  in their external environment.Creative intelligence:  The experiential subtheory is related to creative intelligence, which is one’s ability to use  existing knowledge to create new ways to handle new problems or cope in new situations.Analytical intelligence:  The componential subtheory is related to analytical intelligence, which is essentially academic  intelligence. Analytical intelligence is used to solve problems and is the kind of intelligence that is measured  by a standard IQ test Sternberg observed that all three kinds of intelligence are necessary for successful intelligence, which refers to  the ability to be successful in life based on one’s abilities, personal desires, and environment. Critiques There have been a number of critiques and challenges to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence over the years. For example,  educational psychologist  Linda  Gottfredson says  the theory  lacks a solid empirical basis, and observes that the data used to back up the theory is meager. In addition, some scholars argue that practical intelligence is redundant with the concept of job knowledge, a concept that is more robust and has been better researched. Finally, Sternberg’s own definitions and explanations of his terms and concepts have at times been imprecise. Sources Gottfredson, Linda S. â€Å"Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and evidence† Intelligence, vol. 31, no. 4, 2003, pp.343-397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00085-5Meunier, John. â€Å"Practical Intelligence.† Human Intelligence, 2003. http://www.intelltheory.com/practicalintelligence.shtmlSchmidt, Frank L., and John E. Hunter. â€Å"Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, General Mental Ability, and Job Knowledge† Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 2, no. 1, 1993, pp. 8-9,  https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770456Sternberg, Robert J. Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1985.Sternberg, Robert J. â€Å"The Theory of Successful Intelligence† Review of General Psychology, vol. 3, no. 4, 1999, 292-316, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.292â€Å"Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.† Psychestudy, https://www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/intelligence/triarchic

The Relationship Between Democracy And Civility - 1900 Words

Author Ken Burns (2011) describes the relationship between democracy and civility when he said, â€Å"But civility is essential to our ability as a nation to confront together difficult issues, even when we may disagree, and to continue to improve as a country† (National Constitution Center, 2011). Democracy and civility go hand in hand; without democracy, there wouldn’t be civility and without civility there wouldn’t be democracy. In a democracy, the model of dissent should be deliberation, yet the long and careful debate we once had has shifted towards violent measures to fulfill one’s own needs. The model of dissent has transformed from deliberation to violence due impart, to the technological advancements throughout the world. This†¦show more content†¦Albert Bandura, a renowned psychologist, studied how some behaviors are learned through imitation. He calls this the social learning theory. It is exemplified in his classic experiment called th e ‘Bobo’ Doll Experiment. The children participating in the experiment were individually shown into a room with toys and then played with them for 10 minutes while â€Å"either, 1) 24 children (12 girls and 12 boys) watched a male or female model behaving aggressively toward a toy called a â€Å"Bobo Doll†. The adults attacked the Bobo doll in a distinctive manner, either punching or kicking and in some cases using a hammer. 2) Another 24 children were exposed to a non-aggressive model who played in a quiet and subdued manner for 10 minutes. 3) The final 24 children were used as a control group and were not exposed to any model at all† (McLeod, 2011). In order to study whether these three situations had a different effect on the children, the experimenter subjected all the children to â€Å"mild aggression arousal† (McLeod, 2011) by taking each child separately to a room with toys. Once the child began to play with the toys, the experimenter â€Å" told the child that these were the experimenter’s best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the other children† (McLeod, 2011). The experimenter then brought the child into the next room, which had some aggressive toys, such as a toy hammer, and some non-aggressive toys. For twenty minutes the child’s

Southern Horrors Ida B. Wells free essay sample

In the late 19th century, Ida B. Wells dedicated most of her life to spreading the word about the horrific nature of lynching in the American South. Wells was a journalist, teacher, rights activist, and a public speaker. As an African American woman in the south during this time, Ida B. Wells was able to use her status as journalist to expose to the general public the true facts of lynching cases that suggested black wrongdoings. Wells used cases from all over America to convey the innocence of African American lynching victims. There was a huge double standard between whites and black on the premise of crime. Although white men also participated in heinous acts, they were far less punished compared to their black neighbors. The majority of the cases being brought up at the time suggested that African American men were violating white women. Many violent white men would choose to murder an African American because they suspected he had been â€Å"criminally intimate†1 with a white women. We will write a custom essay sample on Southern Horrors: Ida B. Wells or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In some instances, the reason for lynching was totally personal and obviously took place just to make a statement and â€Å"keep the nigger down†2 and the white men would justify it by claiming that the African American was wrong or barbaric. Because lynching is unlawful and without a trial, the accused stood little to no chance in seeking justice. Wells tries to make it clear that white women were to blame just as much as the black men who were involved in the affairs, and that in most of the situations the women were consenting or even initiating the intimate acts. When trying expose the truth about these issues, Wells and others who spoke up were warned and told off by the white men’s press. Even though it was evident that the southern white population was unhappy about the claims being made against lynching, Wells made it clear that she had a specific purpose to disprove the assertions being made against her people. Angered by the murder of some close friends, Ida B. Wells decided to take it upon herself to stand up against unlawful lynching of wrongfully accused African Americans. Wells explains, â€Å"Somebody must show that the Afro-American race is more sinned against than sinning, and it seems to have fallen upon me to do so. †3 She also states, â€Å"The Afro-American is not a bestial race. If this work can contribute in any way toward proving this, and at the same time arouse the conscience of the American people to a demand for justice to every citizen, and punishment by law for the lawless, I shall feel I have done my race a service.   Wells decided to devote her time to bringing justice and integrity to the African American race. Her writings were immensely important and many people who read them were given the opportunity to realize how unfair black people were being treated. It was obvious that Wells believed that in order to change something one must first raise awareness and expose harsh truths to people who otherwise would not be informed. On October 25th, 1892 Frederick Douglass, another African American social reformer, sent Ida B. Wells a letter stating the importance of her work. In his letter he mentions, â€Å"You have dealt with the facts in a cool, painstaking fidelity and left those naked and contradicted facts to speak for themselves. †5 Wells recognized that although the truth was unpleasant, it was imperative for the progression of African Americans in the south to reveal the true nature of white actions. Ida B. Wells and many other African Americans started taking action to uncover the actuality of racist crime and the white population decided to retaliate. Wells wrote, â€Å"If Southern white men are not careful, they will over-reach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a conclusion will be then reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women. †6 This bold statement made southern whites very angry and they reacted by writing a response in â€Å"The Daily Commercial† a few days later. The article mentions, â€Å"Those negroes who are attempting to make the lynching of individuals of their race a means for arousing the worst passions of their kind are playing with a dangerous sentiment. The Negroes may as well understand that there is no mercy for the Negro rapist and little patience with his defender. †7 Later the same article states, â€Å"The fact that a black scoundrel is allowed to live and utter such loathsome and repulsive calumnies is a volume of evidence as to the wonderful patience of Southern whites. †8 This example of retaliation and others inspired whites to collect and form a mob. Many men and women who were involved in the black’s newspapers had to leave town just to avoid being a victim of the mob’s violence. The need to suppress black advancement was top priority to Southern whites who rejected the ideals of the Northern Union. Although this was the â€Å"post-civil war era† and blacks were no longer bound to slavery, white people made it a point to keep divine dominance over African Americans anyway that they could. They used the accusation of rape to maintain this power. Wells declared, â€Å"†¦the South is shielding itself behind the plausible screen of defending the honor of its women.†9 Lynching was a form of terrorism that excluded all ideas of a jury or fair trail, and this allowed the white Southerners to do what they thought was right, even if it was so blatantly wrong. Since the end of the Reconstruction period in 1877, Northern security was no longer granted to African American Southerners, allowing whites to be as cruel as they pleased. The point that Ida B. Wells was trying to make was that in cases of intimacy between a white woman and black man, most of the time it was not rape but consensual sex and therefor did not warrant punishment. After mentioning a handful of unfair situations in which a white women and black man had been together resulting in the death or forced removal of the man, Wells says, â€Å"Hundreds of such cases might be cite, but enough have been given to prove the assertion that there are white women in the South who love the Afro-American’s company even as there are white men notorious for their preference for Afro-American women. †10 Other activists agreed with this idea and also decided to speak out on the issue. J. C. Duke, a fellow writer, mentioned in his paper, â€Å"There is a secret to this thing and we greatly suspect it is the growing appreciation of white Juliets for colored Romeos. †11 Like many other instances, this statement of truth forced Duke to leave town to avoid violence. Whites used the claim of rape to kill or torture hundreds of black men who were considered to have no value to them now that slavery had been abolished. Perhaps the most dramatically obvious double standard between whites and blacks during the late 1800’s w=as in the reactions to claims of rape. For example, if white man was accused of raping an African American woman he served way less of a punishment than a black man seducing a white women. Wells gives some examples of the outrageously different consequences each race faced. An example used was the story of Eph. Grizzard. Grizzard was only suspected to have acted inappropriately toward a white women yet was taken by the white mob and â€Å"dragged through the streets in broad daylight, knives plunged into him at every step†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 12 In contrast, white violators were receiving different penalty. Wells explains, â€Å"A white man in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, two months ago inflicted such injuries upon another Afro-American child that she died. He was not punished, but an attempt was made in the same town in the month of June to lynch an Afro-American who visited a white woman. †13 Revealing cases such as there to the public allowed Ida B. Wells to make a difference and open the eyes of the average American to the harsh realities of the south. Ida B. Wells was famous for her journalism career and status as a rights activist. She spent the majority of her life defending the integrity of her people and allowed people to realize the truth behind horrific events that occurred in the south in the late 1800’s. Without Wells’s and other courageous writer’s need for the truth, most people would never have recognized the terrible injustice happening right in front of them. The South was covered with racist acts of violence against men and women who were wrongfully accused and Wells decided to speak up about it. Although this triggered a negative response from the overpowering white population, Wells decided the truth and justice was far more important than fear.

Miss Julie free essay sample

This play is mainly about two characters one who is obviously Miss Julie and the other Jean. Miss Julie is a twenty-five-year-old tragic heroine. The other major character Jean is a thirty-year old valet who is chosen as Miss Julie’s lover. There are other characters such as Christine and Serena who are relatively minor characters. The setting for this play takes place in a kitchen of the Count’s manor house on a Midsummer’s Eve. In the beginning of the play it starts off with Julie dancing in the kitchen. Christine goes on to say that the reason she is rambunctious is because she is realizing that her engagement is broken. With this rambunctious behavior Julie begins to flirt with jean. Although Jean does not love Julie he still plays along with Julie, saying kind words to Julie that were not from his heart. Later on that night Jean and Julie sleep together. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Julie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then just like that after they have slept together Jean pretends like nothing ever happened and tells Julie he doesn’t love her. Enraged by this act of cruelty Julie confesses that she hates men. Later when the gossip is out Julie is ashamed of herself and is terrified of the consequences of the count. Julie then has no one else to run to for help except Jean, so she asks him what she should do and that she would do any thing for him to get her out of this mess. Terrified of the count Julie tells Jean to pretend he is the count and to hypnotize her. Jean does this but when he hypnotizes her he commands Julie to her death. Miss Julie the play has a straight forward message to the audience. The message is to all women saying to them to not give in very easily into a mens words. For example I have an uncle who always would tell me to always tell beautiful things to girls even if you don’t mean it because they fall for that. I personally never liked doing such acts, but for a lot of men out there this is a common strategy. Women should never give into a man very easily because that just tells the man that they have no respect for themselves. The play Miss Julie reminded me of my cousin and her boyfriend Ben. I pictured Jean in the play as Ben and Julie as my cousin, because even though Ben is dating my cousin it is obvious he does not love her. Just like Jean only pretended he loved Julie. Finally when my cousin realized he did not love her she also like Julie became enraged and gained hatred towards men. To this day my cousin would care less if she is single or not. Today in society I would say the problem with a lot young unwed girls getting pregnant in this day in age is due to the fact that they are not respecting themselves. This example reminds me of Julie how she did not respect herself in the play. Julie gave her heart to jean and jean shattered it in to pieces by just using Julie and then acting like nothing ever happened. One concrete statistic to prove that teenage pregnancy is getting out of control is from the Center of Disease: they say that one third of girls get pregnant before they are twenty (Teen Pregnancy). Miss Julie was a great play. It was though out very well by August Strindberg. One note to add about the play is that it had a lot of good messages to give to the audience. The Characters in this play were very easy to get into. Overall Miss Julie had a lot of positives to it and should be a play everyone should go to.